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Where Can I Purchase Acacia Seed Near Me

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Genus of plants

Acacia
Jf561Hacienda Acacia Trees Porac Pampangafvf.JPG
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Guild: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae
Clade: Mimosoid clade
Genus: Acacia
Martius (1829)
Type species
Acacia penninervis

DC.
Species

List of Acacia species

Synonyms
  • Adianthum Burm.f. (1768)[one]
  • Acacia sect. Phyllodineae DC. (1825)[2]
  • Phyllodoce Link (1831) non Salisb. (1806)
  • Racosperma Mart. (1835)
  • Cuparilla Raf. (1838)
  • Drepaphyla Raf. (1838)
  • Hecatandra Raf. (1838)
  • Zigmaloba Raf. (1838)
  • Chithonanthus Lehm. (1842)
  • Tetracheilos Lehm. (1848)
  • Arthrosprion Hassk. (1855)
  • Delaportea Thorel ex Gagnep. (1911)

Acacia fasciculifera shoot, showing phyllodes on the pinnate leaves, formed by dilation of the petiole and proximal function of the rachis[iii]

Acacia , commonly known every bit the wattles or acacias, is a large genus of shrubs and copse in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the pea family Fabaceae. Initially, information technology comprised a grouping of establish species native to Africa and Australasia, but it has now been express to comprise only the Australasian species. The genus proper name is New Latin, borrowed from the Greek ἀκακία ( akakia ), a term used by Dioscorides for a preparation extracted from the leaves and fruit pods of Vachellia nilotica, the original type of the genus.[4] In his Pinax (1623), Gaspard Bauhin mentioned the Greek ἀκακία from Dioscorides every bit the origin of the Latin proper noun.[5]

In the early 2000s it had become axiomatic that the genus as it stood was non monophyletic and that several divergent lineages needed to be placed in separate genera. It turned out that one lineage comprising over 900 species mainly native to Australia, New Guinea, and Indonesia was non closely related to the much smaller grouping of African lineage that contained A. nilotica—the blazon species. This meant that the Australasian lineage (past far the virtually prolific in number of species) would need to be renamed. Botanist Leslie Pedley named this group Racosperma , which received little acclaim in the botanical customs. Australian botanists proposed a less disruptive solution setting a different type species for Acacia (A. penninervis) and allowing this largest number of species to remain in Acacia, resulting in the 2 Pan-Tropical lineages beingness renamed Vachellia and Senegalia, and the two endemic American lineages renamed Acaciella and Mariosousa.[vi] Although many botanists still disagreed that this was necessary, this solution was eventually officially adopted at the Melbourne International Botanical Congress in 2011.

Acacia remains a widely used common proper noun across genera.

A number of species accept been introduced to various parts of the globe, and two meg hectares of commercial plantations have been established.[vii] The heterogeneous group[8] varies considerably in habit, from mat-like subshrubs to canopy trees in a woods.[ix]

Taxonomy [edit]

The genus was commencement validly named in 1754 by Philip Miller.[x] In 1913 Nathaniel Lord Britton and Addison Brown selected Mimosa scorpioides L. (≡ Acacia scorpioides (L.) W.Wight = Acacia nilotica (Fifty.) Delille), a species from Africa, as the lectotype of the name.[xi] The genus as recognized in 1986 independent 1352 species. That year notwithstanding, Pedley published a paper in which he questioned the monophyletic nature of the genus, and proposed a split into three genera: Acacia sensu stricto (161 species), Senegalia (231 species) and Racosperma (960 species), the terminal proper noun first proposed in 1829 by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius as the name of a section in Acacia,[12] merely raised to generic rank in 1835.[13] [14] [xv] In 2003, Pedley published a paper with 834 new combinations in Racosperma for species, most of which were formerly placed in Acacia.[2] All but 10 of these species are native to Australasia, where it constitutes the largest plant genus.[8]

In 2003, Anthony Orchard and Bruce Maslin filed a proposal to conserve the proper noun Acacia with a different type in lodge to retain the Australasian group of species in the genus Acacia.[15] Following a controversial decision to cull a new blazon for Acacia in 2005, the Australian component of Acacia s.l. now retains the proper name Acacia.[sixteen] [17] At the 2011 International Botanical Congress held in Melbourne, the determination to use the name Acacia, rather than the proposed Racosperma for this genus, was upheld.[18] [19] Other Acacia south.l. taxa continue to be chosen Acacia by those who cull to consider the unabridged group as 1 genus.[19]

Australian species of the genus Paraserianthes south.l. are deemed its closest relatives, particularly P. lophantha.[twenty] The nearest relatives of Acacia and Paraserianthes s.fifty. in turn include the Australian and South East Asian genera Archidendron, Archidendropsis, Pararchidendron and Wallaceodendron, all of the tribe Ingeae.[21]

Etymology [edit]

The origin of "wattle" may be an Old Teutonic discussion pregnant "to weave".[22] From around 700 CE, watul was used in Old English to refer to the interwoven branches and sticks which formed fences, walls and roofs. Since about 1810 it refers to the Australian legumes that provide these branches.[22]

Species [edit]

One species of Acacia (sensu stricto) is native to Republic of madagascar, i to Reunion isle, 12 to Asia, and the remaining species (over 900) are native to Australasia and the Pacific Islands.[16] These species were all given combinations by Pedley when he erected the genus Racosperma, hence Acacia pulchella, for example, became Racosperma pulchellum. However, these were non upheld with the retypification of Acacia.

Evolution [edit]

Acacias in Australia probably evolved their fire resistance about xx million years agone when fossilised charcoal deposits prove a big increase, indicating that fire was a factor fifty-fifty and so.[ citation needed ] With no major mount ranges or rivers to prevent their spread, the wattles began to spread all over the continent as it dried and fires became more than common.[ citation needed ] They began to course dry out, open up forests with species of the genera Allocasuarina, Eucalyptus and Callitris (cypress-pines).

The southernmost species in the genus are Acacia dealbata (silver wattle), Acacia longifolia (coast wattle or Sydney golden wattle), Acacia mearnsii (black wattle), and Acacia melanoxylon (blackwood), reaching 43°xxx' South in Tasmania, Australia.[ citation needed ]

Fossil record [edit]

An Acacia-like xiv cm long fossil seed pod has been described from the Eocene of the Paris Basin.[23] Acacia similar fossil pods under the proper noun Leguminocarpon are known from tardily Oligocene deposits at unlike sites in Hungary. Seed pod fossils of †Acacia parschlugiana and †Acacia cyclosperma are known from Third deposits in Switzerland,.[24] †Acacia colchica has been described from the Miocene of W Georgia. Pliocene fossil pollen of an Acacia sp. has been described from West Georgia (including Abkhazia).[25] Oldest records of fossil Acacia pollen in Australia are from the belatedly Oligocene epoch, 25 one thousand thousand years ago.[26]

Distribution and habitat [edit]

They are present in all terrestrial habitats, including tall settings, rainforests, woodlands, grasslands, littoral dunes and deserts.[ix] In drier woodlands or forests they are an important component of the understory. Elsewhere they may be ascendant, as in the Brigalow Belt, Myall woodlands and the eremaean Mulga woodlands.[9]

In Australia, Acacia woods is the second most mutual forest type afterward eucalypt forest, covering 980,000 foursquare kilometres (378,380 sq mi) or 8% of total forest surface area. Acacia is as well the nation's largest genus of flowering plants with near 1,000 species found.[27]

Description [edit]

Several of its species bear vertically oriented phyllodes, which are green, broadened leaf petioles that office like leaf blades,[28] an adaptation to hot climates and droughts.[29] Some phyllodinous species take a colourful aril on the seed.[3] A few species have cladodes rather than leaves.[30]

Uses [edit]

Aboriginal Australians take traditionally harvested the seeds of some species, to be ground into flour and eaten as a paste or baked into a cake. The seeds contain as much equally 25% more than protein than common cereals, and they store well for long periods due to the hard seed coats.[29] In addition to utilizing the edible seed and gum, the people employed the timber for implements, weapons, fuel and musical instruments.[nine] A number of species, near notably A. mangium (hickory wattle), A. mearnsii (black wattle) and A. saligna (coojong), are economically important and are widely planted globally for woods products, tannin, firewood and forage.[16] A. melanoxylon (blackwood) and A. aneura (mulga) supply some of the near attractive timbers in the genus.[9] Black wattle bawl supported the tanning industries of several countries, and may supply tannins for production of waterproof adhesives.[nine]

Acacia is a common food source and host institute for butterflies of the genus Jalmenus. The royal hairstreak, Jalmenus evagoras, feeds on at least 25 acacia species.[31] Many reptiles feed on the sap likewise, such as the native house gecko in Australia.[ citation needed ]

Wattle bark collected in Australia in the 19th century was exported to Europe where information technology was used in the tanning procedure. One ton of wattle or mimosa bark independent near 68 kilograms (150 pounds) of pure tannin.[32]

In ancient Egypt, an ointment made from the ground leaves of an Acacia (sensu lato) was used to treat hemorrhoids.[33] Acacia (sensu lato) is repeatedly mentioned in the Book of Exodus, peradventure referring to Vachellia tortilis (previously known as Acacia raddiana), in regards to the structure of the Tabernacle.[34]

In Exodus 25:10, acacia wood is mentioned equally the construction material for the Ark of the Covenant.

The hardened sap of various species of the acacia tree (sensu lato) are known as acacia gum. Acacia glue is used as an emulsifier in food, a folder for watercolour painting, an additive to ceramic glazes, a binding in gum bichromate photography, a protective layer in the lithographic processes and equally a binder to bind together fireworks.

Acacia honey is not collected from plants in the acacia family, but rather from Robinia pseudoacacia, known as black locust in North America. Dearest collected from Caragana arborescens is sometimes also called (yellow) acacia honey. Meet also Monofloral honey.

Acacia is mentioned in an ancient Egyptian proverb referred to by Amenhotep II, "If you lot lack a gilt battle-axe inlaid with bronze, a heavy social club of acacia wood volition practise.".[35]

Tillage [edit]

Some species of acacia – notably A. baileyana, A. dealbata and A. pravissima – are cultivated as ornamental garden plants. The 1889 publication 'Useful native plants of Australia' describes various uses for eating.[36]

Toxicity [edit]

Some species of acacia incorporate psychoactive alkaloids, and some comprise potassium fluoroacetate, a rodent poison.[37]

References [edit]

  • Pedley, L. (2002). "A conspectus of Acacia subgen. Acacia in Australia". Austrobaileya 6(2): 177–186.
  • Pedley, L. (2003). A synopsis of Racosperma C.Mart". Austrobaileya 6(iii): 445–496.
  1. ^ Kew Scientific discipline. "Acacia Manufacturing plant. in Plants Of the Earth Online".
  2. ^ a b Pedley, L. (2003). "A synopsis of Racosperma C.Mart. (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)". Austrobaileya. vi (3): 445–496. JSTOR 41738994.
  3. ^ a b Wu, Delin; Nielsen, Ivan C. (2009). "Flora of Prc, 6. Tribe Acacieae" (PDF). Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Retrieved xix Nov 2015.
  4. ^ Vachellia nilotica in Plants of the World online (POWO)
  5. ^ Bauhin, G. (1623). Pinax theatri botanici: 391
  6. ^ Kyalangalilwa, B.; Boatwright, J.Due south.; Daru, B.H.; Maurin, O.; Van der Bank, M. (2013). "Phylogenetic position and revised classification of Acacia s.l. (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) in Africa, including new combinations in Vachellia and Senegalia". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 172 (4): 500–523. doi:10.1111/boj.12047.
  7. ^ Midgley, S.J.; Turnbull, J.W. (2003). "Domestication and apply of Australian acacias: case studies of five important species". Australian Systematic Phytology. 16 (1): 89–102. doi:10.1071/SB01038.
  8. ^ a b Murphy, Daniel J. (2008). "A review of the classification of Acacia (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae)". Muelleria. 26 (1): x–26. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
  9. ^ a b c d due east f Orchard, Anthony Due east.; Wilson, Annette J.G. (2001). Flora of Commonwealth of australia. Volume 11A, Mimosaceae, Acacia role one. Melbourne: CSIRO. pp. ten–. ISBN9780643067172.
  10. ^ Miller, P. (1754). The Gardeners Dictionary, abbridged. Vol. 1 (iv ed.). p. [25]. Only the name of the genus, Miller did not validly publish names of species in this work as he did not consistently use binomial names.
  11. ^ Britton, N.L.; Brown, A. (1913). An illustrated flora of the northern United States. Vol. 2 (2 ed.). p. 330.
  12. ^ Martius, C.F.P. von (1829). Hortus regius Monacensis. p. 188.
  13. ^ Martius, C.F.P. von (1835). Hortus regius Monacensis seminifer. Vol. 1835. p. four.
  14. ^ Pedley, L. (1986). "Derivation and dispersal of Acacia (Leguminosae), with particular reference to Australia, and the recognition of Senegalia and Racosperma". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Gild. 92 (iii): 219–254. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1986.tb01429.ten. PMC7188348. PMID 32362685.
  15. ^ a b Orchard, A.Due east.; Maslin, B.R. (2003). "Proposal to conserve the name Acacia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) with a conserved blazon". Taxon. 52: 362–363. doi:10.2307/3647418. JSTOR 3647418.
  16. ^ a b c Thiele, Kevin R. (Feb 2011). "The controversy over the retypification of Acacia Mill. with an Australian type: A pragmatic view" (PDF). Taxon. 60 (ane): 194–198. doi:10.1002/tax.601017. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  17. ^ Brummitt, R. K. (Dec 2010). "(292) Acacia: a solution that should be acceptable to everybody" (PDF). Taxon. 59 (6): 1925–1926. doi:ten.1002/tax.596050 . Retrieved nineteen Nov 2015.
  18. ^ "The Acacia contend" (PDF). IBC2011 Congress News. Retrieved May 5, 2016.
  19. ^ a b Smith, Gideon F. & Figueiredo, Estrela (2011). "Conserving Acacia Manufacturing plant. with a conserved type: What happened in Melbourne?". Taxon. 60 (v): 1504–1506. doi:ten.1002/revenue enhancement.605033. hdl:2263/17733.
  20. ^ Chocolate-brown, Gillian K.; Daniel J. White potato & Pauline Y. Ladiges (2011). "Relationships of the Australo-Malesian genus Paraserianthes (Mimosoideae: Leguminosae) identifies the sister group of Acacia sensu stricto and ii biogeographical tracks". Cladistics. 27 (iv): 380–390. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00349.10. S2CID 85416700.
  21. ^ Brownish, Gillian M.; Murphy, Daniel J.; Miller, Joseph T.; Ladiges, Pauline Y. (1 October 2008). "Acacia southward.s. and its Relationship Among Tropical Legumes, Tribe Ingeae (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)". Systematic Botany. 33 (4): 739–751. doi:10.1600/036364408786500136. S2CID 85910836.
  22. ^ a b Austin, Daniel F. (2004). Florida ethnobotany Fairchild Tropical Garden, Coral Gables, Florida, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson, Arizona: with more than 500 species illustrated by Penelope Due north. Honychurch ... [et al.] Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 58. ISBN9780203491881.
  23. ^ Fossil Plants by Paul Kenrick & Paul Davis, Natural History Muyseum, London, 2004, ISBN 0-565-09176-X
  24. ^ Distribution of Legumes in the Tertiary of Hungary by Fifty. Hably, Advances in Legume Systematics: Part 4, The Fossil Record, Ed. P.S. Herendeen & Dilcher, 1992, The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, ISBN 0947643400
  25. ^ Leguminosae species from the territory of Abkhazia by Alexandra Thou. Shakryl, Advances in Legume Systematics: Office iv, The Fossil Tape, Ed. P.Due south. Herendeen & Dilcher, 1992, The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, ISBN 0947643400
  26. ^ The Greening of Gondwana by Mary E. White, Reed Books Pty Ltd, Australia, Reprinted effect 1988, ISBN 0730101541
  27. ^ "Acacia forest". Republic of Commonwealth of australia. half dozen Feb 2017. Retrieved nineteen Apr 2017.
  28. ^ Armstrong, W. P. "Unforgettable Acacias, A Large Genus Of Copse & Shrubs". Wayne'due south Word. Archived from the original on ten November 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  29. ^ a b Tan, Ria. "Acacia auriculiformis, Black Wattle". Naturia. Archived from the original on v May 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  30. ^ "Acacia, Thorntree". EOL . Retrieved 22 Nov 2015.
  31. ^ Biology of Australian collywobbles. Kitching, R. L. (Roger Laurence), 1945-, CSIRO (Commonwealth of australia). Collingwood, VIC, Australia: CSIRO Pub. 1999. ISBN978-0643050273. OCLC 40792921. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  32. ^ The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge Vol II, (1847) Charles Knight, London, p.873.
  33. ^ Ellesmore, Windsor (2002). "Surgical History of Haemorrhoids". In Charles MV (ed.). Surgical Treatment of Haemorrhoids. London: Springer.
  34. ^ "Plants of the Bible - ODU Establish Site". Old Dominion University. 11 Apr 2007. Retrieved 3 Oct 2016.
  35. ^ Erik Hornung 'The Pharaoh' in Sergio Donadoni, The Egyptians, The University of Chicago Press, 1997. p. 291
  36. ^ J. H. Maiden (1889). Useful native plants of Australia : Including Tasmania. Turner and Henderson, Sydney.
  37. ^ Leong, L. E.; Khan, S.; Davis, C. M.; Denman, South. E.; McSweeney, C. S. (2017). "Fluoroacetate in plants - a review of its distribution, toxicity to livestock and microbial detoxification". Journal of Creature Science and Biotechnology. 8: 55. doi:10.1186/s40104-017-0180-6. PMC5485738. PMID 28674607.

External links [edit]

  • WATTLE Acacias of Australia Lucid Web Actor (multi-admission key for identifying Australian Acacias)
  • All about Acacia Wood (acacia woods)

yarbrotinshe.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia

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